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Alphabetic character of the Latin alphabet

H
H h
(Meet below)

Usage
Writing organization	Latin script
Type	Alphabetic
Language of origin	Latin linguistic communication
Phonetic usage	[h] [x] [ħ] [0̸] [ɦ] [ɥ] [ʜ] [ʔ] [◌ʰ] [ç]
Unicode codepoint	`U+0048, U+0068`
Alphabetical position	8
History
Development	Η η 𐌇 H h
Time period	~-700 to nowadays
Descendants	Ħ Ƕ Ⱶ Һ ʰ h ħ $\mathbb {H}$
Sisters	И Һ Ԧ ח ح ܚ ࠄ ࠇ 𐎅 𐎈 Հ հ
Variations	(See below)
Other
Other letters usually used with	h(x), ch, gh, nh, ph, sh, ſh, th, wh, (x)h
This commodity contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, come across Help:IPA. For the distinction betwixt [ ], / / and ⟨⟩, run across IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

H, or h, is the eighth letter of the alphabet in the ISO basic Latin alphabet. Its name in English language is aitch (pronounced , plural aitches), or regionally haitch .^[1]

History

Egyptian hieroglyph fence	Proto-Sinaitic ḥaṣr	Phoenician Heth	Greek Heta	Etruscan H	Latin H

The original Semitic letter Heth most probable represented the voiceless pharyngeal fricative (ħ). The form of the letter probably stood for a fence or posts.

The Greek Eta 'Η' in archaic Greek alphabets, before coming to represent a long vowel, /ɛː/, still represented a similar sound, the voiceless glottal fricative /h/. In this context, the letter of the alphabet eta is besides known every bit Heta to underline this fact. Thus, in the Old Italic alphabets, the letter Heta of the Euboean alphabet was adopted with its original sound value /h/.

While Etruscan and Latin had /h/ equally a phoneme, almost all Romance languages lost the sound—Romanian later re-borrowed the /h/ phoneme from its neighbouring Slavic languages, and Castilian developed a secondary /h/ from /f/, before losing information technology again; various Spanish dialects accept developed [h] as an allophone of /s/ or /x/ in most Spanish-speaking countries, and diverse dialects of Portuguese utilize it every bit an allophone of /ʀ/. 'H' is also used in many spelling systems in digraphs and trigraphs, such as 'ch', which represents /tʃ/ in Spanish, Galician, Old Portuguese, and English; /ʃ/ in French and modernistic Portuguese; /k/ in Italian, French, and English; /x/ in German, Czech, Smoothen, Slovak, one native word of English, and a few loanwords into English; and /ç/ in German.

Name in English

For most English speakers, the name for the letter is pronounced as and spelled "aitch"^[i] or occasionally "eitch". The pronunciation and the associated spelling "haitch" is oftentimes considered to be h-adding and is considered nonstandard in England.^[2] It is, nonetheless, a feature of Hiberno-English,^[3] as well equally scattered varieties of Edinburgh, England, and Welsh English,^[4] and in Commonwealth of australia and Nova Scotia.

The perceived name of the letter affects the choice of indefinite article earlier initialisms beginning with H: for example "an H-bomb" or "a H-bomb". The pronunciation /heɪtʃ/ may be a hypercorrection formed by analogy with the names of the other letters of the alphabet, most of which include the audio they represent.^[5]

The haitch pronunciation of h has spread in England, beingness used by approximately 24% of English people born since 1982,^[half-dozen] and polls go on to show this pronunciation becoming more common among younger native speakers. Despite this increasing number, the pronunciation without the /h/ sound is still considered to be standard in England, although the pronunciation with /h/ is also attested as a legitimate variant.^[2]

Authorities disagree nearly the history of the letter of the alphabet's name. The Oxford English Lexicon says the original proper name of the letter of the alphabet was [ˈaha] in Latin; this became [ˈaka] in Vulgar Latin, passed into English language via Old French [atʃ], and past Centre English was pronounced [aːtʃ]. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language derives it from French hache from Latin haca or hic. Anatoly Liberman suggests a conflation of two obsolete orderings of the alphabet, one with H immediately followed past Yard and the other without any K: reciting the former's ..., H, K, L,... equally [...(h)a ka el ...] when reinterpreted for the latter ..., H, L,... would imply a pronunciation [(h)a ka] for H.^[7]

Use in writing systems

English

In English, ⟨h⟩ occurs equally a unmarried-letter character (being either silent or representing the voiceless glottal fricative () and in various digraphs, such as ⟨ch⟩ , , , or ), ⟨gh⟩ (silent, /ɡ/, /k/, /p/, or /f/), ⟨ph⟩ (/f/), ⟨rh⟩ (/r/), ⟨sh⟩ (), ⟨th⟩ ( or ), ⟨wh⟩ (/hw/ ^[8]). The letter is silent in a syllable rime, as in ah, ohm, dahlia, cheetah, pooh-poohed, also as in certain other words (mostly of French origin) such every bit hour, honest, herb (in American just non British English) and vehicle (in certain varieties of English). Initial /h/ is often not pronounced in the weak form of some function words including had, has, take, he, her, him, his, and in some varieties of English (including most regional dialects of England and Wales) it is oft omitted in all words (see '⟨h⟩'-dropping). It was formerly mutual for an rather than a to be used as the indefinite article earlier a discussion start with /h/ in an unstressed syllable, as in "an historian", only utilise of a is now more than usual (see English manufactures § Indefinite article). In English, The pronunciation of ⟨h⟩ as /h/ tin be analyzed as a voiceless vowel. That is, when the phoneme /h/ precedes a vowel, /h/ may be realized as a voiceless version of the subsequent vowel. For example the give-and-take ⟨hit⟩, /hɪt/ is realized as [ɪ̥ɪt].^[9] H is the eighth most frequently used letter in the English (after S, N, I, O, A, T, and E), with a frequency of about 4.2% in words.^{[ citation needed ]} When h is placed after sure other consonants, it modifies their pronunciation in various ways, e.g. for ch, gh, ph, sh, and th.

Other languages

In the German linguistic communication, the name of the letter is pronounced /haː/. Following a vowel, it often silently indicates that the vowel is long: In the discussion erhöhen ('heighten'), the second ⟨h⟩ is mute for most speakers outside of Switzerland. In 1901, a spelling reform eliminated the silent ⟨h⟩ in about all instances of ⟨th⟩ in native German words such every bit thun ('to practice') or Thür ('door'). It has been left unchanged in words derived from Greek, such as Theater ('theater') and Thron ('throne'), which continue to be spelled with ⟨thursday⟩ even after the last German spelling reform.

In Spanish and Portuguese, ⟨h⟩ (" hache " in Castilian, pronounced ['atʃe], or agá in Portuguese, pronounced [aˈɣa] or [ɐˈɡa]) is a silent alphabetic character with no pronunciation, as in hijo [ˈixo] ('son') and húngaro [ˈũɡaɾu] ('Hungarian'). The spelling reflects an earlier pronunciation of the sound /h/. In words where the ⟨h⟩ is derived from a Latin /f/, it is still sometimes pronounced with the value [h] in some regions of Andalusia, Extremadura, Canarias, Cantabria, and the Americas. Some words beginning with [je] or [nosotros], such as hielo , 'ice' and huevo , 'egg', were given an initial ⟨h⟩ to avert confusion between their initial semivowels and the consonants ⟨j⟩ and ⟨five⟩. This is because ⟨j⟩ and ⟨five⟩ used to be considered variants of ⟨i⟩ and ⟨u⟩ respectively. ⟨h⟩ likewise appears in the digraph ⟨ch⟩, which represents /tʃ/ in Spanish and northern Portugal, and /ʃ/ in varieties that have merged both sounds (the latter originally represented by ⟨x⟩ instead), such as most of the Portuguese language and some Castilian dialects, prominently Chilean Spanish.

In French, the name of the letter is written as "ache" and pronounced /aʃ/. The French orthography classifies words that begin with this letter in two ways, one of which can touch the pronunciation, even though it is a silent alphabetic character either way. The H muet, or "mute" ⟨h⟩, is considered every bit though the letter were not at that place at all, and then for example the singular definite article le or la, which is elided to l' earlier a vowel, elides before an H muet followed by a vowel. For example, le + hébergement becomes l'hébergement ('the adaptation'). The other kind of ⟨h⟩ is called h aspiré ("aspirated '⟨h⟩'", though it is non usually aspirated phonetically), and does non allow elision or liaison. For case in le homard ('the lobster') the article le remains unelided, and may be separated from the noun with a bit of a glottal stop. Well-nigh words that begin with an H muet come from Latin (honneur, homme) or from Greek through Latin (hécatombe), whereas about words beginning with an H aspiré come from Germanic (harpe, hareng) or non-Indo-European languages (harem, hamac, haricot); in some cases, an orthographic ⟨h⟩ was added to disambiguate the [5] and semivowel [ɥ] pronunciations earlier the introduction of the distinction between the letters ⟨five⟩ and ⟨u⟩: huit (from uit, ultimately from Latin octo), huître (from uistre, ultimately from Greek through Latin ostrea).

In Italian, ⟨h⟩ has no phonological value. Its nearly important uses are in the digraphs 'ch' /thou/ and 'gh' /ɡ/, too as to differentiate the spellings of sure short words that are homophones, for example some present tense forms of the verb avere ('to take') (such every bit hanno, 'they accept', vs. anno, 'year'), and in short interjections (oh, ehi).

Some languages, including Czech, Slovak, Hungarian, Finnish, and Estonian use ⟨h⟩ as a breathy voiced glottal fricative [ɦ], often every bit an allophone of otherwise voiceless /h/ in a voiced environment.

In Hungarian, the alphabetic character has no fewer than five pronunciations, with three additional uses as a productive and non-productive element of digraphs. The letter h may stand for /h/ as in the name of the Székely town Hargita; intervocalically information technology represents /ɦ/ every bit in tehén; it represents /ten/ in the discussion doh; it represents /ç/ in ihlet; and information technology is silent in cseh. Every bit part of a digraph, information technology represents, in primitive spelling, /t͡ʃ/ with the letter c every bit in the proper noun Széchenyi; it represents, once again, with the letter of the alphabet c, /ten/ in pech (which is pronounced [pɛxː]); in sure environments it breaks palatalization of a consonant, equally in the name Beöthy which is pronounced [bøːti] (without the intervening h, the name Beöty could be pronounced [bøːc]); and finally, information technology acts as a silent component of a digraph, as in the name Vargha, pronounced [vɒrgɒ].

In Ukrainian and Belarusian, when written in the Latin alphabet, ⟨h⟩ is also commonly used for /ɦ/, which is otherwise written with the Cyrillic letter ⟨г⟩.

In Irish, ⟨h⟩ is non considered an independent letter, except for a very few not-native words, nonetheless ⟨h⟩ placed after a consonant is known as a "séimhiú" and indicates lenition of that consonant; ⟨h⟩ began to replace the original grade of a séimhiú, a dot placed above the consonant, afterward the introduction of typewriters.

In about dialects of Shine, both ⟨h⟩ and the digraph ⟨ch⟩ always represent /x/.

In Basque, during the 20th century information technology was not used in the orthography of the Basque dialects in Spain but it marked an aspiration in the North-Eastern dialects. During the standardization of Basque in the 1970s, the compromise was reached that h would be accustomed if it were the kickoff consonant in a syllable. Hence, herri ("people") and etorri ("to come up") were accepted instead of erri (Biscayan) and ethorri (Souletin). Speakers could pronounce the h or not. For the dialects lacking the aspiration, this meant a complication added to the standardized spelling.

Other systems

Equally a phonetic symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA), it is used mainly for the so-called aspirations (fricative or trills), and variations of the plain letter are used to represent two sounds: the lowercase form ⟨h⟩ represents the voiceless glottal fricative, and the small capital letter class ⟨ʜ⟩ represents the voiceless epiglottal fricative (or trill). With a bar, minuscule ⟨ħ⟩ is used for a voiceless pharyngeal fricative. Specific to the IPA, a hooked ⟨ɦ⟩ is used for a voiced glottal fricative, and a superscript ⟨ʰ⟩ is used to represent aspiration.

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

H with diacritics: Ĥ ĥ Ȟ ȟ Ħ ħ Ḩ ḩ Ⱨ ⱨ ẖ ẖ Ḥ ḥ Ḣ ḣ Ḧ ḧ Ḫ ḫ ꞕ Ꜧ ꜧ
IPA-specific symbols related to H: ʜ ꟸ ɦ ʰ ʱ ɥ ᶣ ^[10]
ᴴ : Modifier letter H is used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet^[eleven]
ₕ : Subscript small-scale h was used in the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet prior to its formal standardization in 1902^[12]
ʰ : Modifier letter small h is used in Indo-European studies^[thirteen]
ʮ and ʯ : Turned H with fishhook and turned H with fishhook and tail are used in Sino-Tibetanist linguistics^[14]
Ƕ ƕ : Latin alphabetic character hwair, derived from a ligature of the digraph hv, and used to transliterate the Gothic letter 𐍈 (which represented the audio [hʷ])
Ⱶ ⱶ : Claudian letters^[15]
Ꟶ ꟶ : Reversed half h used in Roman inscriptions from the Roman provinces of Gaul^[16]

Ancestors, siblings, and descendants in other alphabets

𐤇 : Semitic letter Heth, from which the following symbols derive
- Η η : Greek letter Eta, from which the following symbols derive
  - 𐌇 : Old Italic H, the antecedent of modern Latin H
    - ᚺ, ᚻ : Runic letter of the alphabet haglaz, which is probably a descendant of One-time Italic H
  - Һ һ : Cyrillic alphabetic character Shha, which derives from Latin H
  - И и : Cyrillic letter И, which derives from the Greek letter of the alphabet Eta
  - 𐌷 : Gothic letter of the alphabet haal

Derived signs, symbols, and abbreviations

$h$ : Planck abiding
ℏ : reduced Planck abiding
$\mathbb {H}$ : Blackboard bold uppercase H used in quaternion note

Computing codes

Grapheme information
Preview	H		h
Unicode name	LATIN Majuscule Alphabetic character H		LATIN Small-scale Alphabetic character H
Encodings	decimal	hex	december	hex
Unicode	72	U+0048	104	U+0068
UTF-8	72	48	104	68
Numeric character reference	H	H	h	h
EBCDIC family	200	C8	136	88
ASCII ¹	72	48	104	68

^ane and all encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859, and Macintosh families of encodings.

Other representations

Run into also

American Sign Linguistic communication grammer
List of Egyptian hieroglyphs#H

References

^ ^a ^b "H" Oxford English Lexicon, 2nd edition (1989); Merriam-Webster'south Tertiary New International Dictionary of the English Language, Unabridged (1993); "aitch" or "haitch", op. cit.
^ ^a ^b "'Haitch' or 'aitch'? How practise you pronounce 'H'?". BBC News. Archived from the original on 12 Oct 2016. Retrieved three September 2016.
^ Dolan, T. P. (1 January 2004). A Dictionary of Hiberno-English: The Irish gaelic Use of English language. Gill & Macmillan Ltd. ISBN9780717135356. Archived from the original on 17 January 2017. Retrieved 3 September 2016 – via Google Books.
^ Vaux, Bert. The Cambridge Online Survey of Earth Englishes Archived 24 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine. Academy of Cambridge.
^ Todd, L. & Hancock I.: "International English Ipod", folio 254. Routledge, 1990.
^ John C. Wells, Longman Pronunciation Dictionary, page 360, Pearson, Harlow, 2008
^ Liberman, Anatoly (7 August 2013). "Alphabet soup, part 2: H and Y". Oxford Etymologist. Oxford Academy Press. Archived from the original on four Oct 2013. Retrieved 3 October 2013.
^ In many dialects, /hw/ and /w/ have merged
^ "phonology - Why is /h/ called voiceless vowel phonetically, and /h/ consonant phonologically?". Linguistics Stack Exchange. Archived from the original on 5 May 2019. Retrieved 5 May 2019.
^ Constable, Peter (19 Apr 2004). "L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on xi October 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
^ Everson, Michael; et al. (20 March 2002). "L2/02-141: Uralic Phonetic Alphabet characters for the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2018. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
^ Ruppel, Klaas; Aalto, Tero; Everson, Michael (27 January 2009). "L2/09-028: Proposal to encode additional characters for the Uralic Phonetic Alphabet" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
^ Anderson, Deborah; Everson, Michael (seven June 2004). "L2/04-191: Proposal to encode six Indo-Europeanist phonetic characters in the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 October 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
^ Cook, Richard; Everson, Michael (twenty September 2001). "L2/01-347: Proposal to add six phonetic characters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on eleven October 2017. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
^ Everson, Michael (12 August 2005). "L2/05-193R2: Proposal to add Claudian Latin letters to the UCS" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on xiv June 2019. Retrieved 24 March 2018.
^ West, Andrew; Everson, Michael (25 March 2019). "L2/19-092: Proposal to encode Latin Letter Reversed Half H" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on xiii June 2019. Retrieved 17 March 2020.

External links

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